Abstract: The importance of plant breeding in Brazilian agriculture has grown a lot in the last 50 years. This occurred mainly because of the: increase in graduate programs, which qualified hundreds of professionals; creation of EMBRAPA and other research institutes or state companies, with an emphasis on the production of new cultivars and; promulgation of the cultivar protection law, which stimulates investments in seed production. The retrospective of what happened, enabling the country to move from being an importer of grains, fruits, and fibers to one of the largest exporters of these products worldwide, was the focus of this work. Taking as reference some agricultural products, this article highlights the significant contribution of plant breeding in recent years. Also, some of the enormous challenges that still have to be overcome, in which the participation of Brazilian breeders will be fundamental to continue the progress of agriculture in the coming years.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to evaluate gene expression related to water deficit tolerance in maize lines. For this, lines previously classified as tolerant (91-T and 32-T) and non-tolerant (24-NT and 57-NT) to water deficit were used. The seeds of the four lines were evaluated for emergence and emergence speed index, and the seedlings were evaluated for root and shoot length under two conditions of water availability (70 and 10% substrate water retention capacity). In transcript analysis, the expression of several genes associated with water deficit tolerance, ZmDBP3, ZmALDH9, ZmAN13, and ZmDREB2A, was evaluated by qRT-PCR for the 91-T and 57-NT lines. It can be concluded that soil water deficiency did not reduce root development. However, the shoot length was significantly lower under dry conditions. Through transcript analysis, the genes ZmDBP3 and ZmAN13 were identified as potential markers for the early selection of maize lines tolerant to water deficit.

RESUMO O conhecimento de genes relacionados ao déficit hídrico é uma importante ferramenta visando auxiliar e acelerar o processo de seleção de genótipos de milho mais adaptados às condições de seca. Diante disso, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a expressão de genes relacionados à tolerância ao déficit hídrico em linhagens de milho, por meio das análises proteômicas e transcriptômicas. Para isso, foram utilizadas duas linhagens previamente classificadas como tolerante (91-T) e não tolerante (57-NT) a baixa disponibilidade hídrica. Para as análises proteômicas, utilizaram-se sementes secas, ponta de espigas e plântulas coletadas com três, cinco e sete dias após a semeadura, sendo as plântulas submetidas a duas condições contrastantes quanto a disponibilidade hídrica (70% e 10% da capacidade de retenção de água). Avaliou-se a expressão das enzimas catalase, peroxidase, esterase e das proteínas resistentes ao calor por meio da técnica de eletroforese. Sementes secas, ponta de espigas e plântulas (coletadas sete dias após a semeadura, submetidas a duas condições de disponibilidade hídrica) de duas linhagens de milho (91-T e 57-NT) foram utilizadas para as análises transcriptômicas. A expressão dos genes associados a tolerância a baixa disponibilidade hídrica (ZmLEA3, AOX2 and ZmPP2C) foi realizada pela técnica de qRT-PCR. Pode-se concluir que houve maior expressão em ponta de espigas na linhagem 91-T para as enzimas catalase, peroxidase e esterase. Para as enzimas catalase e esterase, as plântulas de sete dias de desenvolvimento apresentaram uma redução da expressão, nas duas linhagens analisadas. Maior atividade das proteínas resistentes ao calor ocorreu nas sementes secas da linhagem 91-T. Identificou-se o gene AOX2 como um potencial marcador para seleção de genótipos de milho tolerantes ao déficit hídrico.

ABSTRACT Knowing genes related to water deficit is a valuable tool to assist and accelerate the selection process of maize genotypes more adapted to drought conditions. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate genes expression related to tolerance to water deficit in maize lines, using proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. Two lines previously classified as tolerant (91-T) and non-tolerant (57-NT) to low water availability were used. Dried seeds, ears tips, and seedlings (collected at three, five, and seven days after sowing) of the two maize lines (91-T and 57-NT) were used in proteomic analyses. Seedlings were subject to two contrasting water-availability conditions (70% and 10% of the water retention capacity). The expression of catalase, peroxidase, and esterase enzymes and heat-resistant proteins were evaluated by electrophoresis. Dried seeds, ears tips, and seedlings (collected at seven days after sowing, subject to two contrasting water-availability conditions) of two maize lines (91-T and 57-NT) were used in the transcriptomic analyses. The expression of genes associated with tolerance to low water availability (ZmPP2C, ZmLEA3, and AOX2) was evaluated by the qRT-PCR technique. Results revealed that catalase, peroxidase, and esterase enzymes had a higher expression on the ears tips of the 91-T line. The expression of catalase and esterase enzymes reduced in seven-day-old seedlings in the two lines analyzed. Heat-resistant proteins had greater activity on the dried seeds of the 91-T line. The AOX2 gene was identified as a potential marker for the selection of maize genotypes tolerant to water deficit.